Background: Flavonoid components are the largest phenolic groups in nature. Pigments are primarily responsible for the color of rose petals, it is colorless flavonoids aid in the intensification and stabilization of color. Objective: The aim of this research was extraction and determination of flavonoid compounds kaempferol and Quercetin in petals of ROSA damascena from central location of Iran and cultivated in Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands. Methods: Samples were collected on late April 2006. A 5 g fresh flower petals was blended with 30 ml of 9: 1 methanol - acetic acid, the extract was analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Results: Two flavonoids kaempferol and quercetin glycoside compounds were extracted from 15 samples. The highest kaempferol content were obtained from Kamoo 4 (482 ppm), Arak (421 ppm), Ghohrood (420 ppm), Mashhad –e- ardehal 1 (412 ppm), and the lowest from Ghamsar 3 (131 ppm), Kamoo 3 (164 ppm), Kamoo 2 (169 ppm), and Ghamsar 1 (188 ppm). The highest quercetin glucoside contents were obtained from Kamoo 4 (358 ppm), Ghohrod (337 ppm), Ghamsar 2 (324 ppm), and Arak (318 ppm), and lowest were from Qum (82 ppm), Tehran (91 ppm), Ghamsar 3 (122 ppm) and Kamoo 2 (172 ppm).  Conclusion: According to the results the samples were obtained from Kamoo 4 (482 ppm kaempferol, 358 ppm quercetin), Ghohrod (420 ppm kaempferoi, 337 ppm quercetin) and Mashhad –e –ardehal 1 (412 ppm kaempferol, 300 ppm quercetin).

Cytogenetic variation of ROSA damascena Mill. Of Isfahan, Semnan, Ilam and Gilan was evaluated. Chromosomal analyses were carried out at mitotic metaphase in root meristemic zone of roots. Image analysis system and Micro measure software were used to karyotype providing and cytogenetic parameters measurement. Data was collected and analysed using a completely randomized design with three replications. Results showed significant differences (P<%1) among accessions for some parameters, such as short arm (SA), Centromeric Index, arm ratio (AR), Intra asymmetry chromosomal index (A1) ,total form percentage (%TF) and relative length of long and short arms. Using principal components analysis, the first three independent components accounted over 98% of variations. The first principal component indicated that short arm (SA), arm ratio (AR), intra symmetry chromosomal index (A1) and total form percentage (%TF) were appropriate parameters to classify accessions with 51% of total variations. Long arm percentage (%LA) and short arm percentage (%SA) were important traits in second component at %24 level. Total length (TL) was important trait in third component at 22% level.

Rose is known as the queen of flowers. ROSA damask (ROSA damascena Mill.) is utilized as a main source of rose oil and rose water in Iran. Biotechnology methods are considered as a fast and efficient way to produce haploid plants and pure lines. Among the different methods, androgenesis is considered as the most effective procedure, due to its high quantity of microspores in the anthers. In the present study, the effect of medium composition was evaluated on anther culture in two ecotypes of Damask rose, and miniature rose. The results showed that the interaction between H1 medium and mid-uninucleate stage produced the highest callogenesis in Damask rose, Kashan ecotype. Furthermore, the results showed that removing ammonium nitrate and doubling potassium nitrate in the medium produced higher callogenesis. In miniature rose, the medium containing calcium chloride and calcium nitrate produced higher callogenesis. Also, the amino acids improved callogenesis in anther culture of Damask rose, and miniature rose. Moreover, glycine, glutamine and casein hydrolysate were more effective than other studied amino acids. Sucrose was a better sugar compared to sorbitol for callogenesis in the studied genotypes. The chromosome counting and flowcytometery results illustrated that the produced calli were tetraploid (28 chromosomes).

In order to investigate of water requirement inROSA DAMASCENE Mill., an experiment was carried out in the Alborz Research Center in 2012. The lysimeters with drainage system were used forROSA DAMASCENE (adult plant), Medicago sativa (reference plant) and control group (only soil). For each lysimeter, the soil moisture content was measured by weighting method before and after applying irrigation treatments based on the field capacity. The amount of water requirement and run-off were measured in each lysimeter. The evapotranspiration of ROSA DAMASCENE (ETc) and reference plant (ETo) was estimated by lysimeter. The plant coefficient of ROSA DAMASCENE (Kc) was calculated by ETc/ETo ratio. In order to comparison of lysimeter data with indirect methods, the Blaney Criddle and Penman-Monteith methods (corrected by FAO) were used to determine the evapotranspiration in reference plant. According to the obtained results, WUE and ETo in ROSA DAMASCENE were calculated to be 2.18 and 46.0, respectively. The evapotarnspiration ofROSA DAMASCENE after 820 GDD in full flowering, was 111 mm. The ETc after 3740 GDD in the late stage was estimated to be 1147 mm. The evapotarnspiration of reference plants, after 3833 GDD, in lysimeter, Blaney Criddle and Penman-Monteith methods were 1247, 1392 and 1160 mm, respectively. Based on results, a similar estimation of ETo content was obtained by lysimetr and computational methods.

ROSA damascena Mill. is one of the important rose species for production of aromatic compounds. The oil and distilled water of Rose are used vastly in medicinal, hygienic-cosmetic and food industries. One of the main aromatic compounds of rose is phenyl ethyl alcohol. Because of the high solubility of this compound in water, the most content of it is solved in distilled rose water, so it is not present in rose oil or it’s percentage is very low. The aim of this study was extraction of the soluble compounds from distilled water by organic solvent and adding them to rose oil for improving it. For this purpose, three ROSA damascena samples were examined. The first oils were obtained by hydro distillation. The aromatic compounds of distilled water extracted by liquid-liquid extraction method with hexane, petroleum ether and dichloromethane. The first oils (main oils obtained by hydrodistillation), the second oils (aromatic compounds extracted by solvent from distilled water) and the mixture of them were analyzed by GC and GC/MS. The results showed the best solvent for extraction of phenyl ethyl alcohol from distilled water was dichloromethane. Adding the second oil extracted with dichloromethane to the first oil, not only increased the percentage of phenyl ethyl alcohol but also increased the relative content of citronellol and geraniol in the mixed oil. Addition of second oil, obtained by petroleum ether to the first oil, increased the percentage of citronellol, while increasing of phenyl ethyl alcohol was not remarkable. The percentage of phenyl ethyl alcohol in the mixed oil (the second oil extracted with dichloromethane + the first oil) was more than 20%.

In this study 35 ROSA damascena Mill. Genotypes was evaluated based on flower yield and components phenological and morphological characteristics. The trial was carried out in the fields of Fadak Botanical Garden in Dezful (affiliated to Research Institute of Forest and Rengelands) Iran. The experiment was conducted under design in randomized complete blocksdesign with three replicates during 2005-2006. Genotypes showed significant differences for flower number, per plant, flower number per m2 flower yield per plant petal number flower fresh weight flower dry weight flower diameter plant height canopy leaflet area leaflet fresh weight leaflet dry weight and leaflet area/weight ratio (P<0.01), and flower dry matter percentage (P<0.05). The comparison of means was done using Duncan s test. The Comparison classified the genotypes in different groups. In correlation analysis showed significant relations between traits important in genotypes (P<0.01), positively correlated (r=0.97) flower yield with flower number per plant, flower number per plant with flower number m2 (r=1.00) and plant height with canopy (r=0.67). The evaluation from obtained results showed variety in flower yield and components between genotypes exsiting in country. The measure flower yield per plant and flower number per plant in the study showed positive correlation and relative significant. It can be used as important traits in evaluation of criterions and selection of genotypes.

Background: In recent years, the use of herbal medicine, as a complementary and effective medicine, is increasing worldwide. The aim of this study was to investigate the properties of ROSA DAMASCENE essential oil nanoemulsion in vitro. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, rose flower was obtained from Barzok area of Kashan and its essential oil was prepared by steam distillation method. The components of the essential oil were identified by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC-MS). After preparing essential oil nanoemulsion, the size and morphology of nanoemulsion were examined by zeta test and transmission electron microscope (TEM), respectively. Antioxidant activity and cytotoxicity were tested by DPPH (1, 1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl) and MTT (HeLa cancer cells) methods, respectively. Antimicrobial activities against Salmonella Typhimurium were evaluated by disc diffusion, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and bactericidal (MBC) by microdilution methods and prevention of biofilm formation. Results: The most compounds of rose essential oil included Nonadecane (33. 55%), Heneicosane (16. 03%), Hexadecanal (7. 78%) and Eicosane (3. 39%). The stability of nanoemulsion was also equal to-47. 5 mV. The size of nanoemulsion particles was also confirmed by TEM method. Essential oil nanoemulsion had no antioxidant activity. The MIC and MBC were 350 and 700 μ, g/ml, respectively. The percentage of biofilm reduction in MIC and MBC concentrations was 75 and 80%, respectively. The concentration of 5. 47 μ, g/mL of nanoemulsion caused a decrease of 67% of living HeLa cells. Conclusion: With attention to the antibacterial and anticancer properties of rose essential oil nanoemulsion, this compound can be suggested in the treatment of bacterial infections and cancer cells.